FIREFIGHTING ROBOT

FIREFIGHTING ROBOT PREPARES TO WALK THROUGH FLAMES: The ultimate Navy Seal may end up being a humanoid robot that can carry heavy equipment, interact with officers and head straight into a face-melting fire without hesitation. Learn about this robot here:http://dne.ws/1pl6HbG

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What does this TDI means

We all have seen some of the car has written TDI on their back.
What does this TDI means?

Here you know-

Turbocharged Direct Injection(TDI):

Turbocharged Direct Injection or TDI is a design of turbodiesel engines, which feature turbocharging and cylinder-direct fuel injection,developed and produced by the Volkswagen Group.

TDI engine uses direct injection,where a fuel injector sprays atomized fuel directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder,rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used indirect injection. The engine also uses forced induction by way of a turbocharger to increase the amount of air which is able to enter the engine cylinders,and most TDI engines also feature an intercooler to lower the temperature (and therefore increase the density) of the 'charged', or compressed air from the turbo, thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted.

Cars using this technology includes Audi R10 TDI,Volkswagen Polo 1.6 TDI,Tata Indigo eCS LX TDI ,Tata Indica Vista Terra TDI ,Audi Q7 3.0 TDI and many more.

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INJECTOR PRESSURE

Q. What is an INJECTOR PRESSURE in heavy vehicles? Why it is used?

A. Injector pressure i s the pressure at which the fuel can be injected into the vehicle. In heavy vehicles, injector pressure is 220 kg/cm square. It is used to set up the standard fuel injection in the vehicles. With the help of injector pressure we can calculate the amount of fuel needed, through the following formula:
Est. Horsepower x B.S.F.C / No. of injectors x duty cycle = lb/hr per injector
cc = lb/hr x 10.5

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Non Circular Gears

Non Circular Gears:- 

Noncircular gears generally cost more than competitive components such as linkages and cams. But with the development of modern production methods, such as the computer- controlled gear shaper, cost has gone down considerably. Also, in comparison with linkages, non-circular gears are more compact and balanced
and they can be more easily balanced. These are important considerations in high-speed machinery. Furthermore, the gears can produce continuous, unidirectional cyclic motion, a point in
their favor when compared with cams.

Applications:-

1.Where only an over-all change in angular velocity of the driven member is required such machines as printing presses, planers, shears, winding machines, and automatic-feed machines.

2.Where precise, nonlinear functions must be generated, as in mechanical computing machines for extracting roots of numbers, raising numbers to any power, or generating trigonometric
and logarithmic functions.

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Gear Design

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Instruments and its uses

Instruments and its uses:-

>Katharometer – Device for measuring thermal conductivity

>Magnetometer– Comparing strengths of magnetic fields.

>Thermometer, thermocouple– Measuring temperature

>Thermostat – Device for maintaining constant temperature

>Vernier– Device for measuring subdivisions of a scale

>Anemometer– Instrument for measuring the speed of wind

>Calliper – Instrument for measuring distances

>Electrodynamometer – Instrument for measuring current, voltage or power in both AC & DC circuits.

>Photometer – Device for comparing intensity of sources of light

>Rectifier – Device for comparing AC & DC

>Solar cell – Cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy

>Voltmeter – Instrument for measuring voltage o potential difference between two points.

>Wavemeter– Instrument for measuring the wave length of a radiowave

>Galvanometer – Instrument for measuring or detecting small current.

>hydrometer – Instrument used for measuring the density or relative density of liquids.

>Lactometer – Measure the density of milk.

>Barometer – Measure the atmospheric pressure

>Barograph – Used to record the accurate atmospheric pressure.

>Accumulator– Device used to store the energy.

Digital Micrometer



 Mechanical Micrometer(Parts)

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Parts of a screw gauge.

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MILLING

MILLING:-

Milling is defined as a machining process for removing excess material from a work piece with a rotating cutting tool.

Milling processes involves simultaneous rotary cutter and usually linear ( sometimes rotary ) motion of the work,with the work fed against the cutter.

It is one of the most commonly used machining processes in industry and machine shops today for machining parts to precise sizes and shapes.

Milling process is used for producing flat , contoured or helical surfaces , for cutting threads and toothed gears and for making helical grooves

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V-ENGINE

V-ENGINE-

A "V" engine, or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a "V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft. The Vee configuration generally reduces the overall engine length, height and weight compared to an equivalent inline configuration.

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The difference between disc brakes and drum brakes.

The difference between disc brakes and drum brakes.

Disc brakes are generally considered superior to drum brakes for several reasons. First, they dissipate heat better (brakes work by converting motion energy to heat energy). Under severe usage, such as repeated hard stops or riding the brakes down a long incline, disc brakes take longer to lose effectiveness (a condition known as brake fade). Disc brakes also perform better in wet weather, because centrifugal force tends to fling water off the brake disc and keep it dry, whereas drum brakes will collect some water on the inside surface where the brake shoes contact the drums.

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Regenerative Braking :

It is used on automobiles to recoup some of the energy that is lost while the vehicle is stopping.This technology is used on hybrid vehicles that use both gas and electricity as sources of power. The energy that is recouped during braking is saved in a storage battery and used later to power the motor whenever the vehicle is using its electric power source.

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Piston Ring

A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a reciprocating engine such as an internal combustion engine or steam engine.

The three main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines are :

Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is no transfer of gases from the combustion chamber to the crank.

Supporting heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
Regulating engine oil consumption.

The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore.

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Automotive Braking System

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Fuel Pump

Fuel Pump- It is a device which is used to lifts the fuel from the fuel tank and supplies to the carburetor.

PURPOSE- As we know that there are two methods of feeding the fuel to the engine the first one is gravity method and the other one is under pressure. In the gravity system, the fuel tank is located at a higher level, so that the fuel flows to the engine with the force of gravity and in this case the fuel pump is not required, as in Scooters, Motorcycles etc. But in the pressure system the fuel is drawn by the FUEL PUMP through the filter, Like in Motor Cars and other Automotive Engines

What will happen if someone adds oil to the fuel of four stroke bike engine?


This will result in damaging of the engine faster. Adding oil will lead to the higher wear and tear of the cylinder liner, piston and damage to the piston. It will lead to abnormal combustion and knocking and detonation. Dark smoke and abnormal sounds will be generated by the engine. One should not mix oil with the fuel of four stroke engine.

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Brayton cycle

The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of a constant pressure heat engine. Gas turbine engines and airbreathing jet engines use the Brayton Cycle. Although the Brayton cycle is usually run as an open system (and indeed must be run as such if internal combustion is used), it is conventionally assumed for the purposes of thermodynamic analysis that the exhaust gases are reused in the intake, enabling analysis as a closed system.

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Pneumatic Symbols.

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Mechanical Softwares

A list of mechanical engineering software, including computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software.

AutoCAD 

AutoCAD has a user-friendly interface and includes many tools to design complex parts in 2D and 3D. The files can be exported to CAM software for analysis.

Autodesk AutoCAD 2007.rar

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Row #	Title	Description
1	AutoCAD	AutoCAD has a user-friendly interface and includes many tools to design complex parts in 2D and 3D. The files can be exported to CAM software for analysis.
2	ANSYS	CAD analysis software suite for multiple tests which displays the results in green, blue and red. The software calculates the stress value at several parts (allowing for improved optimisation).
3	Pro/Engineer Wildfire / Creo Parametric	Software with enhanced features and tools to design, sketch, assemble, weld, draw etc.
4	SolidWorks 3D CAD	General purpose CAD software with a user-friendly interface, for making parts in 2D and 3D.
5	Abaqus	Abaqus is a CAD and finite element analysis software for drawing complex geometries and getting optimised results.
6	CATIA	CATIA comprises of several fluid, electrical, structural and mechanical design and simulation software packages.
7	Solid Edge	Solid Edge is a simulation and 3D rendering software with powerful tools and simulation features.
8	GAMBIT	GAMBIT is linked with the ANSYS systems for computational fluid dynamics. It is for meshing and setting different parameters of fluid flow.
9	TRNSYS	TRNSYS (pronounced tran-sis) has many features (from modeling to analysis), for studying transient systems (e.g. the conceptual study, design, investigation and analysis of solar energy projects).
10	RecurDyn	RecurDyn is a CAE software suite with useful toolkits for designing and rendering complex mechanical parts of airplanes, vehicles and more.
11	COMSOL Multiphysics	Software for simulation, 3D designing, reforming and modeling.
12	Simufact	Integrated manufacturing software with tools for welding, pre-mapping and designing.
13	Autodesk Inventor	Autodesk Inventor offers a user-friendly interface along with the tools for design, simulation and documentation of components.
14	Autodesk 3ds Max	Autodesk 3ds Max is basically a 3D modeling software with additional features for animation (making it suitable for games and films). The software is particularly useful for making animations of mechanical parts.
15	DraftSight	Free CAD software for developing and editing drawing (DWG) files.
16	PipingOffice	Software for piping and related calculations.
17	Kompas-3D	3D designing software which uses top-down and bottom-up methods to make and assemble parts.
18	Mastercam	A family of CAD, CAM and Numerical Control (NC) machine processing software (for lathes, milling, shaping etc).
19	CAD Avenue	A software system for piping, heating, refrigeration, ventilation and air conditioning.
20	AutoCAD Electrical	Software for designing electro-mechanical parts and components, and for designing electrical controls for mechanical components.
21	Rhino	Software for designing, modeling and analysis.
22	SolidFace	Software for 2D and 3D modeling.
23	ZW3D	CAD and CAM software.
24	MechDesigner	A software system to design and then check the motion of that design.
25	C&R Technologies	C&R Technologies have developed a family of software packages and expansion modules (including geometric and nongeometric GUI tools) for the design and analysis of various systems.
26	HVAC Solution	Software for designing and scheduling HVAC (Heat Ventilation Air Conditioning) systems for rooms and buildings.
27	BricsCAD	Software that makes it possible to make 3D models with the drawing file format (DWG). It can be run with AutoCAD, and can also be run via cloud technology.
28	Femap	Femap is an integrated software for modeling, simulation and analysis related to thermal, flow, fluid dynamics etc.
29	KeyCreator Direct CAD	Computer aided design (CAD) software.
30	IronCAD	3D modeling software with a user-friendly interface and powerful toolkits.
31	TopSolid	Integrated CAD and CAM software. After making the model it provides an analysis option to check the feasibility of the product.
32	ViaCAD 2D3D	ViaCAD 2D3D is primarily used for making prototypes of machines through 2D and 3D modeling toolkits.
33	ViaCAD 2D	ViaCAD 2D is described as being a 2D drafting software that thinks as you draw.
34	ViaCAD Pro	CAD software suitable for 2D and 3D designs, including mechanical part design, furniture design, inventions, and home projects.
35	Shark LT	An integrated collection of 2D and 3D tools for architects, engineers and drafters.
36	Shark FX	Advanced CAD software for 2D and 3D designs.
37	SpaceClaim Engineer	SpaceClaim Engineer is a 3D direct modeler software system.
38	Microsoft Visual Studio	Microsoft Visual Studio can be used to introduce the programmable functions into various CAD and CAM software.
39	Patran	Patran is applicable for finite element analysis (FEA), simulation, and the analysis of components and parts.
40	Elmer	An open source multiphysical simulation software, which includes physical models of fluid dynamics, structural mechanics, electromagnetics, heat transfer, and acoustics. The models are described by partial differential equations and solved using the finite element method (FEM).
41	QCAD	A free open source application for computer aided drafting (CAD) in two dimensions. It can be used to create technical drawings, such as plans for buildings, interiors, mechanical parts or schematics, and diagrams.
42	SALOME	SALOME is an open source software that can be used for generating CAD models, prepare the models for numerical calculations, and post-processing of the calculation results.
43	Matlab	Matlab is primarily an advanced mathematics software (with programming features), but has features designed specifically for engineering e.g. tools for attaining the stability of an automated machine.

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Universal joint

Universal joint:-

A universal joint, universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a joint or coupling in a rigid rod that allows the rod to 'bend' in any direction, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges located close together, oriented at 90° to each other, connected by a cross shaft.

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Shaping machine

A shaper operates by moving a hardened cutting tool backwards and forwards across the workpiece. On the return stroke of the ram the tool is lifted clear of the workpiece, reducing the cutting action to one direction only.

The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of the machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by an automatic feed mechanism acting on the feedscrew. The ram slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds the clapper box and toolpost, from which the tool can be positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to deepen a cut. This adjustability, coupled with the use of specialized cutters and toolholders, enable the operator to cut internal and external gear tooth profiles, splines, dovetails, and keyways
.
The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This action is via a slotted link or Whitworth link.

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