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Trigonometry ... Laws & Identities...
ROBOTICS
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots
AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
Automobile engineering is the one of the stream of mechanical engineering. It deals with the various types of automobiles, their mechanism of transmission systems and its applications
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of the work by the human beings and nature.every thing what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms.
Monday 26 May 2014
Wednesday 14 May 2014
Saturday 10 May 2014
03:13
Unknown
Worm drive:-
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear, and is also called a worm wheel). The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
Like other gear arrangements, a worm drive can reduce rotational speed or allow higher torque to be transmitted. The image shows a section of a gear box with a worm gear being driven by a worm. A worm is an example of a screw, one of the six simple machines.
03:11
Unknown
ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING :-
Active magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation.
Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact, for example,they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion without friction or wear.
In active magnetic bearings (AMB) a stable equilibrium is achieved by means of one or more control loops.
The use of control loop for maintaining the gap between the shaft and bearing differentiate the active magnetic bearings (AMB) from passive ones.
They are in service in such industrial applications as electric power generation and petroleum refining e.t.c.
Active magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load using magnetic levitation.
Magnetic bearings support moving machinery without physical contact, for example,they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion without friction or wear.
In active magnetic bearings (AMB) a stable equilibrium is achieved by means of one or more control loops.
The use of control loop for maintaining the gap between the shaft and bearing differentiate the active magnetic bearings (AMB) from passive ones.
They are in service in such industrial applications as electric power generation and petroleum refining e.t.c.
03:07
Unknown
Rack and Pinion steering system
The Rack and Pinion steering system is the most common system found mostly in modern vehicles. It employs a simple mechanism. The parts of this system are steering column, pinion gear, rack gear, tie rods, kingpin. The circular motion of the steering wheel is transmitted to the pinion gear through the steering column and universal joint. The pinion is meshed with arack which translates the circular motion into linear motion thus providing the necessary change in direction. It also provides a gear reduction, thus making it easier to turn the wheels. This system is preferred because of its compactness, efficiency, ease of operation. But at the same time it gets easily damaged.
The Rack and Pinion steering system is the most common system found mostly in modern vehicles. It employs a simple mechanism. The parts of this system are steering column, pinion gear, rack gear, tie rods, kingpin. The circular motion of the steering wheel is transmitted to the pinion gear through the steering column and universal joint. The pinion is meshed with arack which translates the circular motion into linear motion thus providing the necessary change in direction. It also provides a gear reduction, thus making it easier to turn the wheels. This system is preferred because of its compactness, efficiency, ease of operation. But at the same time it gets easily damaged.
03:04
Unknown
A compound gear is a number of gears fixed together. Consequently, they rotate at the same speed. An example can be seen below.
The gears that make up a compound gear usually differ in size and have a different number of teeth. This is useful if there is a need to speed up or slow down the final output.
03:03
Unknown
The Most Powerful Diesel Engine in the World!
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine is the most powerful and most efficient prime-mover in the world today. The Aioi Works of Japan's Diesel United, Ltd built the first engines and is where some of these pictures were taken. It is available in 6 through 14 cylinder versions, all are inline engines. These engines were designed primarily for very large container ships. Ship owners like a single engine/single propeller design and the new generation of larger container ships needed a bigger engine to propel them. The cylinder bore is just under 38" and the stroke is just over 98". Each cylinder displaces 111,143 cubic inches (1820 liters) and produces 7780 horsepower. Total displacement comes out to 1,556,002 cubic inches (25,480 liters) for the fourteen cylinder version.
Some facts on the 14 cylinder version:
Total engine weight: 2300 tons (The crankshaft alone weighs 300 tons.)
Length: 89 feet
Height: 44 feet
Maximum power: 108,920 hp at 102 rpm
Maximum torque: 5,608,312 lb/ft at 102rpm
Fuel consumption at maximum power is 0.278 lbs per hp per hour (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) . Fuel consumption at maximum economy is 0.260 lbs/hp/hour. At maximum economy the engine exceeds 50% thermal efficiency. That is, more than 50% of the energy in the fuel in converted to motion. For comparison, most automotive and small aircraft engines have BSFC figures in the 0.40-0.60 lbs/hp/hr range and 25-30% thermal efficiency range.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
The Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine is the most powerful and most efficient prime-mover in the world today. The Aioi Works of Japan's Diesel United, Ltd built the first engines and is where some of these pictures were taken. It is available in 6 through 14 cylinder versions, all are inline engines. These engines were designed primarily for very large container ships. Ship owners like a single engine/single propeller design and the new generation of larger container ships needed a bigger engine to propel them. The cylinder bore is just under 38" and the stroke is just over 98". Each cylinder displaces 111,143 cubic inches (1820 liters) and produces 7780 horsepower. Total displacement comes out to 1,556,002 cubic inches (25,480 liters) for the fourteen cylinder version.
Some facts on the 14 cylinder version:
Total engine weight: 2300 tons (The crankshaft alone weighs 300 tons.)
Length: 89 feet
Height: 44 feet
Maximum power: 108,920 hp at 102 rpm
Maximum torque: 5,608,312 lb/ft at 102rpm
Fuel consumption at maximum power is 0.278 lbs per hp per hour (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption) . Fuel consumption at maximum economy is 0.260 lbs/hp/hour. At maximum economy the engine exceeds 50% thermal efficiency. That is, more than 50% of the energy in the fuel in converted to motion. For comparison, most automotive and small aircraft engines have BSFC figures in the 0.40-0.60 lbs/hp/hr range and 25-30% thermal efficiency range.
03:02
Unknown
Thermoelectrically operated fan using a candle.
( Operate a fan with the candle during power cuts/ villages where there is no power!!) Innovation at its best.
A peltier or tec module is placed between two heatsinks. The lower Bieng the hot side heared by the candle. And the upper bieng cooled by the cpu cooling tower. The heat diffrence between the two surfaces generate electricity (about 5v dependant on the peltier module). The peltier module is then wired up to a motor wich in turn drives the fan blades.
02:59
Unknown
BHP vs PS
There are a number of ways to measure the power that can be generated by a mechanical device like a car. The most popular is brake horsepower or BHP, which is a method of measurement for vehicles without the encumbrance added by connecting devices like the gearbox and transmission system. In comparison, PS is a unit of power in German. Although PS is very popular in Germany and in Europe, it is rarely seen anywhere else.
There are a number of ways to get the brake horsepower of an engine using a number of devices like the De Prony brake. But today, the most prevalent way of measuring the brake horsepower of a vehicle is with the use of a dynamometer. A dynamometer is more accurate and its automated feature makes it a lot more convenient for the one measuring.
It is worth noting that horsepower and PS are not necessarily identical when it comes to values as there is a discrepancy in the value of each unit. One horsepower is the equivalent of 746 Watts while one PS is only 735 Watts. When you compare PS to BHP, you get a coefficient of roughly 0.98
BHP is increasingly becoming more popular all around the world as we begin to adapt standardized units of measuring things. Although PS is still somewhat popular in certain areas of Europe, it is no longer a statutory unit and is largely considered as obsolete. Despite being considered obsolete, it is still used in advertising as a lot of people are still familiar with the term.
No matter what unit is used to measure the power output of a vehicle, it should still give you an adequate idea of the performance of the said vehicle. In most cases, you should not worry yourself to much as you would probably get values with units familiar to you. If you are in a foreign place and the unit used is not the one you are familiar with, you should just keep in mind that you only need to multiply the PS value by 0.98 to get BHP or divide BHP by 0.98 to get the PS value.
Summary:
1. BHP is a way of measuring mechanical power while PS is a standard unit for mechanical power in Germany
2. One unit of PS is equivalent to 0.98 horsepower
3. BHP is widely used while PS is considered obsolete
There are a number of ways to measure the power that can be generated by a mechanical device like a car. The most popular is brake horsepower or BHP, which is a method of measurement for vehicles without the encumbrance added by connecting devices like the gearbox and transmission system. In comparison, PS is a unit of power in German. Although PS is very popular in Germany and in Europe, it is rarely seen anywhere else.
There are a number of ways to get the brake horsepower of an engine using a number of devices like the De Prony brake. But today, the most prevalent way of measuring the brake horsepower of a vehicle is with the use of a dynamometer. A dynamometer is more accurate and its automated feature makes it a lot more convenient for the one measuring.
It is worth noting that horsepower and PS are not necessarily identical when it comes to values as there is a discrepancy in the value of each unit. One horsepower is the equivalent of 746 Watts while one PS is only 735 Watts. When you compare PS to BHP, you get a coefficient of roughly 0.98
BHP is increasingly becoming more popular all around the world as we begin to adapt standardized units of measuring things. Although PS is still somewhat popular in certain areas of Europe, it is no longer a statutory unit and is largely considered as obsolete. Despite being considered obsolete, it is still used in advertising as a lot of people are still familiar with the term.
No matter what unit is used to measure the power output of a vehicle, it should still give you an adequate idea of the performance of the said vehicle. In most cases, you should not worry yourself to much as you would probably get values with units familiar to you. If you are in a foreign place and the unit used is not the one you are familiar with, you should just keep in mind that you only need to multiply the PS value by 0.98 to get BHP or divide BHP by 0.98 to get the PS value.
Summary:
1. BHP is a way of measuring mechanical power while PS is a standard unit for mechanical power in Germany
2. One unit of PS is equivalent to 0.98 horsepower
3. BHP is widely used while PS is considered obsolete
02:58
Unknown
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES BY DRIVE METHOD:
Vehicles can be classified by the position of the engine and drive wheels, and the number of drive wheels:-
1)FF (Front-engine, Front-drive)
Because a FF vehicle does not have a propeller shaft, a spacious interior can be realized, thus achieving excellent comfort.
2) FR (Front-engine, Rear-drive)
Because a FR vehicle has a good weight balance, it excels in controllability and stability.
3) MR (Midship-engine, Rear-drive)
Because a MR vehicle has a good weight balance on the front and rear axles, it excels in controllability.
4) 4WD (4-Wheels Drive)
Because a 4WD vehicle drives with four wheels, it can operate under poor conditions in a stable manner. Its weight is greater than that of other types of vehicles.
1)FF (Front-engine, Front-drive)
Because a FF vehicle does not have a propeller shaft, a spacious interior can be realized, thus achieving excellent comfort.
2) FR (Front-engine, Rear-drive)
Because a FR vehicle has a good weight balance, it excels in controllability and stability.
3) MR (Midship-engine, Rear-drive)
Because a MR vehicle has a good weight balance on the front and rear axles, it excels in controllability.
4) 4WD (4-Wheels Drive)
Because a 4WD vehicle drives with four wheels, it can operate under poor conditions in a stable manner. Its weight is greater than that of other types of vehicles.
02:57
Unknown
A serpentine belt, also known as a multi-vee, poly-v, or multi-rib belt, is a single, continuous belt used to drive multiple peripheral devices in an automotive engine, such as an alternator, power steering pump, water pump, air conditioning compressor, air pump, etc. The belt may also be guided by an idler pulley and/or a belt tensioner (which may be spring-loaded, hydraulic, or manual). The production serpentine belt was manufactured by Hutchinson and first used by Mercedes-Benz on the 1985 190 Series.
02:55
Unknown
With this system, the turbine on the intake side has movable guide vanes that change position to provide optimum flow conditions and a high turbine efficiency rating, throughout the engine speed range. This permits high boost pressure from low engine speeds, and thus a flatter torque curve and higher power output.
The movable guide vanes are controlled by the engine management system, adjusting gas flow to the turbine to ensure optimum efficiency. The result is that the engine responds instantly to the throttle, providing excellent drivability.
The turbocharger is cooled by the engine oil.
The movable guide vanes are controlled by the engine management system, adjusting gas flow to the turbine to ensure optimum efficiency. The result is that the engine responds instantly to the throttle, providing excellent drivability.
The turbocharger is cooled by the engine oil.
02:53
Unknown
An ignition magneto is a magneto that provides current for the ignition system of a spark-ignition engine, such as a petrol engine. It produces pulses of high voltage for the spark plugs.The use of ignition magnetos is now confined mainly to engines where there is no other available electrical supply, for example in lawnmowers and chainsaws. It is also widely used in aviation piston engines even though an electrical supply is usually available. This is because a magneto ignition system is more reliable than a battery-coil system. People discussing magnetos and coils used in early internal-combustion engines generally used the term "tension" instead of the more modern term "voltage."
02:52
Unknown
An overhead (OHV) engine, also informally called pushrod engine or I-head engine, is a type of piston engine that places the camshaft within the cylinder block (usually beside and slightly above the crankshaft in a straight engine or directly above the crankshaft in the V of a V engine), and uses pushrods or rods to actuate rocker arms above the cylinder head to actuate the valves. Lifters or tappets are located in the engine block between the camshaft and pushrods.The more modern overhead camshaft (OHC) design (still literally overhead valve) avoids the use of pushrods by putting the camshaft in the cylinder head.
02:50
Unknown
EXlink (Extended Expansion Linkage Engine) :
With the goal of taking energy efficiency to a new level, Honda developed its own linkage engine design based on Atkinson’s extended-expansion cycle engine, invented some 130 years ago. The first small engine of its type to be commercially produced, the revolutionary EXlink has an expansion stroke longer than its compression stroke to realize an expansion ratio higher than its compression ratio.
In contrast to a conventional Otto cycle engine, in which the piston strokes are typically of the same length, the EXlink has expansion and exhaust strokes that are longer than its intake and compression strokes. The result is an expansion ratio that is more than 1.4 times higher than the compression ratio, allowing EXlink to offer lower pumping losses and substantially higher thermal efficiency than a conventional engine
With the goal of taking energy efficiency to a new level, Honda developed its own linkage engine design based on Atkinson’s extended-expansion cycle engine, invented some 130 years ago. The first small engine of its type to be commercially produced, the revolutionary EXlink has an expansion stroke longer than its compression stroke to realize an expansion ratio higher than its compression ratio.
In contrast to a conventional Otto cycle engine, in which the piston strokes are typically of the same length, the EXlink has expansion and exhaust strokes that are longer than its intake and compression strokes. The result is an expansion ratio that is more than 1.4 times higher than the compression ratio, allowing EXlink to offer lower pumping losses and substantially higher thermal efficiency than a conventional engine
02:42
Unknown
A non-circular gear (NCG) is a special gear design with special characteristics and purpose. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and with maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main objective might be ratio variations, axle displacement oscillations and more. Common applications include textile machines, potentiometers, CVTs (continuously variable transmissions), window shade panel drives, mechanical presses and high torque hydraulic engines.
02:41
Unknown
The Pentroof hemi engine.
HEMI Pros and Cons:
There are many different parts of an engine's design that control the amount of power you can extract from each combustion stroke.
For example:
You want to burn all of the gas in the cylinder. If the design leaves any of the gas unburned, it is untapped energy.
You want the maximum cylinder pressure to occur when the crankshaft is at the right angle, so that you extract all of the energy
from the pressure.
You want to waste as little of the engine's energy as possible sucking air and fuel into the combustion
chamber and pushing exhaust out.
You want to lose as little heat as possible to the heads and the cylinder walls. Heat is one of the things creating pressure in the cylinder, so lost heat means lower peak pressures.
HEMI Advantages:
The last item in the above list is one of the key advantages of the HEMI head versus the flathead engine.
Surface area causes heat loss.
Fuel that is near the head walls may be so cool that it does not burn efficiently.
With a flat head, the amount of surface area relative to volume of the combustion chamber is large.
In a HEMI engine, the surface area is much smaller than in a flat head, so less heat escapes and peak pressure can be higher.
Another factor with a HEMI head is the size of the valves . Since the valves are on opposite sides of the head, there is more room for valves.
The engine design that preceded the HEMI was a wedge-shaped combustion chamber with the valves in line with each other.
In a HEMI engine, valves can be large so the airflow through the engine is improved.
HEMI Disadvantages:
If HEMI engines have all these advantages, why aren't all engines using hemispherical heads?
It's because there are even better configurations available today. One thing that a hemispherical head will never have is four valves per cylinder. The valve angles would be so crazy that the head would be nearly impossible to design. Having only two valves per cylinder is not an issue in drag racing or NASCAR because racing engines are limited to two valves per cylinder in these categories. But on the street, four slightly smaller valves let an engine
breathe easier than two large valves.
Modern engines use a pentroof design to accommodate four valves.
Another reason most high- performance engines no longer use a HEMI design is the desire to create a smaller combustion chamber.
Small chambers further reduce the heat lost during combustion, and also shorten the distance the flame front must travel during combustion. The compact pentroof design is helpful here, as well.
02:36
Unknown
POWER HACKSAW-
Power hacksaws are used to cut large sizes (sections) of metals such as steel. Cutting diameters of more than 10/15mm is very hard work with a normal hand held hacksaw. Therefore power hacksaws have been developed to carry out the difficult and time consuming work. The heavy ‘arm’ moves backwards and forwards, cutting on the backwards stroke. The metal to be cut is held in a machine vice which is an integral part of the base. Turning the handle tightens or loosens the vice. The vice is very powerful and locks the metal in position. When cutting is taking place, the metal and especially the blade heats up quickly. Coolant should be fed onto the blade, cooling it down and lubricating it as it cuts through the metal.
Without the use of coolant the blade will over heat and break/snap. This can be dangerous as the blade can break with powerful force, shattering.
02:35
Unknown
Spur Gears:-
Spur gears are the most common type of gears. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at once to create very large gear reductions.
Spur gears are used in many devices that you can see all over like the electric screwdriver, dancing monster, oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm clock, washing machine and clothes dryer. But you won't find many in your car.
This is because the spur gear can be really loud. Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth collide, and this impact makes a noise. It also increases the stress on the gear teeth.
To reduce the noise and stress in the gears, most of the gears in your car are helical.
Spur gears are the most common type of gears. They have straight teeth, and are mounted on parallel shafts. Sometimes, many spur gears are used at once to create very large gear reductions.
Spur gears are used in many devices that you can see all over like the electric screwdriver, dancing monster, oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm clock, washing machine and clothes dryer. But you won't find many in your car.
This is because the spur gear can be really loud. Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear, the teeth collide, and this impact makes a noise. It also increases the stress on the gear teeth.
To reduce the noise and stress in the gears, most of the gears in your car are helical.
02:29
Unknown
This is a "Duke engine".
The Duke Engine is an Advanced Internal Combustion Engine
delivering high Thermodynamic Efficiency, complete Fuel Flexibility, (runs on any suitable spark ignition fuel), Neglible 1st and 2nd order Vibration with huge Weight and Size savings.
It is a considerably less complex internal combustion engine and is suitable for Marine (inboard and outboard), Light Aircraft, Generator/Utility and Military applications.
02:27
Unknown
Cochran boiler:-
Cochran boiler consists of a cylindrical shell with a dome shaped top where the space provided for steam. Its crown has a hemispherical shape and thus provides maximum volume of space. Its furnace is seamless; below it there is a grate and ash pit. It has a combustion chamber and smoke box, which are connected through fire tubes. Smoke box is connected to chimney. Various mountings are also fitted on it like
(i) Water level indicator
(ii) Safety valve
(iii) Steam stops valve
(IV) Blow-off cock
(v) Pressure gauge.
Working: The fuel is burnt on the grate inside the furnace. The gases of combustion produced by burning of fuel enter the combustion chamber through the flue tube and strike against the fire brick lining which directs them to pass through number of horizontal tubes, being surrounded by water. After which the gases escape to the atmosphere through smoke box and chimney.
The water surrounded over the fix types get heated and converted into steam. This steams being collected into the crown of boiler. This steam is supplied by steam stop valve.
Cochran boiler consists of a cylindrical shell with a dome shaped top where the space provided for steam. Its crown has a hemispherical shape and thus provides maximum volume of space. Its furnace is seamless; below it there is a grate and ash pit. It has a combustion chamber and smoke box, which are connected through fire tubes. Smoke box is connected to chimney. Various mountings are also fitted on it like
(i) Water level indicator
(ii) Safety valve
(iii) Steam stops valve
(IV) Blow-off cock
(v) Pressure gauge.
Working: The fuel is burnt on the grate inside the furnace. The gases of combustion produced by burning of fuel enter the combustion chamber through the flue tube and strike against the fire brick lining which directs them to pass through number of horizontal tubes, being surrounded by water. After which the gases escape to the atmosphere through smoke box and chimney.
The water surrounded over the fix types get heated and converted into steam. This steams being collected into the crown of boiler. This steam is supplied by steam stop valve.
02:24
Unknown
The shaper machine:-
Is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath.
Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical. (Adding axes of motion can yield helical toolpaths, as also done in helical planing.) A shaper is analogous to a planer, but smaller, and with the cutter riding a ram that moves above a stationary workpiece, rather than the entire workpiece moving beneath the cutter. The ram is moved back and forth typically by a crank inside the column; hydraulically actuated shapers also exist.
Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw-cut, horizontal, universal, vertical, geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and traveling head.
02:22
Unknown
WELDING ROBOT
Robot welding is the use of mechanized programmable tools (robots), which completely automate a welding process by both performing the weld and handling the part. Processes such as gas metal arc welding, while often automated, are not necessarily equivalent to robot welding, since a human operator sometimes prepares the materials to be welded. Robot welding is commonly used for resistance spot welding and arc welding in high production applications, such as the automotive industry.
02:22
Unknown
Epicyclic gear or planetary gear is a gear system consisting of one or more outer gears, or planet gears, revolving about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. It is used in automatic transmission !
02:18
Unknown
Bending moment
A bending moment is a measure of the average internal stress induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.
The internal stresses in a cross-section of a structural element can be resolved into a resultant force and a resultant couple. For equilibrium, the moment created by external forces (and external moments) must be balanced by the couple induced by the internal stresses. The resultant internal couple is called the bending moment while the resultant internal force is called the shear force (if it is transverse to the plane of element) or the normal force (if it is along the plane of the element).
A bending moment is a measure of the average internal stress induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element causing the element to bend.
The internal stresses in a cross-section of a structural element can be resolved into a resultant force and a resultant couple. For equilibrium, the moment created by external forces (and external moments) must be balanced by the couple induced by the internal stresses. The resultant internal couple is called the bending moment while the resultant internal force is called the shear force (if it is transverse to the plane of element) or the normal force (if it is along the plane of the element).
02:16
Unknown
WANKEL ENGINE
The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped housing and a rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but with sides that are somewhat flatter. The very compact Wankel engine delivers smooth high-rpm power. It is commonly called a rotary engine, though this name applies also to other completely different designs.
The engine was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel. He received his first patent for the engine in 1929, began development in the early 1950s at NSU, completing a working prototype in 1957. NSU then licensed the design to companies around the world, which have continued to improve the design. It is the only internal combustion engine invented in the twentieth century to go into production.
02:16
Unknown
An internal-combustion engine consisting of an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine wheel that is turned by the expanding products of combustion. The four major types of gas turbine engines are the turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and turboshaft. Gas turbine - turbine that converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal combustion; gaseous products of the fuel (which is burned in compressed air) are expanded through a turbine.
Gas Turbine Open View
Rolls-Royce Nene 103
Description: Single stage turbine with a radial compressor. Nine combustion chambers.
Static thrust: 23,5kN
Gas Turbine Open View
Rolls-Royce Nene 103
Description: Single stage turbine with a radial compressor. Nine combustion chambers.
Static thrust: 23,5kN
02:15
Unknown
THE SCIENCE BEHIND TEMPLE BELLS
Most of the old temples have large bell at the entrance of the temple and you need to ring it before you enter temple. A Temple bell have a scientific phenomena; it is not just your ordinary metal. It is made of various metals including cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and manganese. The proportion at which each one of them mixed is real science behind a bell. Each of these bells is made to produce such a distinct sound that it can create unity of your left and right brain. The moment you ring that bell, bell produces sharp but lasting sound which lasts for minimum of seven seconds in echo mode good enough to touch your seven healing centres or chakras in your body. The moment bell sound happens your brain is emptied of all thoughts. Invariably you will enter state of Tran’s state where you are very receptive. This Trans state is the one with awareness. You are so occupied in mind that only way to awaken you is with a Shock! Bell works as Anti-dote to your mind. Before you enter temple – to awake you and prepare you for taste of awareness is the real reason behind temple bell.
02:14
Unknown
Ball screw or Recirculating Ball screw-
A ball screw is a mechanical linear actuator that translates rotational motion to linear motion with little friction. A threaded shaft provides a helical raceway for ball bearings which act as a precision screw. As well as being able to apply or withstand high thrust loads, they can do so with minimum internal friction.The ball assembly acts as the nut while the threaded shaft is the screw.
Applications:-
Ball screws are used in aircraft and missiles to move control surfaces, especially for electric fly by wire, and in automobile power steering to translate rotary motion from an electric motor to axial motion of the steering rack. They are also used in machine tools, robots and precision assembly equipment.
02:13
Unknown
Camshaft
Camshaft is used in IC engine to control the opening and closing of valves at proper timing. For proper engine output inlet valve should open at the end of exhaust stroke and closed at the end of intake stroke. So to regulate its timing, a cam is use which is oval in shape and it exerts a pressure on the valve to open and release to close. It is drive by the timing belt which drives by crankshaft. It is placed at the top or at the bottom of cylinder.
02:13
Unknown
Electron Beam Machining (EBM):-
It uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to remove material. In this process, a stream of electrons strikes an object and causes rapid melting and vaporization of the material. For drilling applications, a backing material is used on the rear side of the workpiece. When the beam penetrates through the workpiece and contacts the backing material, the high vapor pressure produced by the vaporized backing material expels the molten workpiece material, leaving a hole in the workpiece. The EBM process can be used to machine a variety of materials, and material properties such as hardness, ductility, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and melting points are usually not limiting factors. The greatest industrial use of EBM is the precision drilling of small holes (0.1 to 1.0 mm, or 0.004 to 0.04 in.) in metals. Although some work has been done to apply the EBM process to nonmetallic and curvilinear cutting applications, this industrial application is very limited. Therefore, unless otherwise noted, the descriptions in this article apply only to metallic hole-drilling applications.
It uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to remove material. In this process, a stream of electrons strikes an object and causes rapid melting and vaporization of the material. For drilling applications, a backing material is used on the rear side of the workpiece. When the beam penetrates through the workpiece and contacts the backing material, the high vapor pressure produced by the vaporized backing material expels the molten workpiece material, leaving a hole in the workpiece. The EBM process can be used to machine a variety of materials, and material properties such as hardness, ductility, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and melting points are usually not limiting factors. The greatest industrial use of EBM is the precision drilling of small holes (0.1 to 1.0 mm, or 0.004 to 0.04 in.) in metals. Although some work has been done to apply the EBM process to nonmetallic and curvilinear cutting applications, this industrial application is very limited. Therefore, unless otherwise noted, the descriptions in this article apply only to metallic hole-drilling applications.
02:12
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UNDERWATER WELDING-
Many of us won't have heard of underwater welding, but it's actually a very important thing in many industries. Underwater welding includes a lot of different processes that join steel on offshore oil platforms, pipelines, ships, and in many other applications.
It can be done at regular or at high pressures, and can be done in a wet environment or a dry one. Let's take a look at some of the benefits and downsides of different kinds of welding underwater, and the uses of this interesting technique.
Dry welding is the most useful method for making any weld in very deep water, or in cases where the weld needs to be extremely strong. On many sea structures and vessels, strength is extremely important.The problem is that most conventional dry welding techniques are very expensive, and takes a very long time. While some other techniques, using a smaller hyperbaric chamber for just the area of the weld, are being developed, they're not the standard yet. As they become more popular, wet welding may fall out of use entirely.That's because wet welding, while much cheaper and faster, just isn't all that strong. It tends to create pockets of oxygen and hydrogen gas, as well. These occur due to the electrolysis of water, and can be dangerous and even potentially explosive!
In addition, the majority of wet underwater welds won't last long. They're a temporary fix that needs replacement after only a little while. These welds are best used when time and money are short, and function needs to be maintained - they'll need to be redone again later using a dry process.It's important to remember that there are some limitations on how deep you can weld, as well. Dry welding can be done as deep as eighty meters below the surface of the water, but it requires special diving equipment. Wet welding is much less effective under high pressure, since the join isn't really strong enough to stand up to the forces additional depth will put on it.
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Plasma cutting:
Plasma cutting is a process that is used to cut steel and other metals of different thicknesses (or sometimes other materials) using a plasma torch . In this process, an inert gas (in some units, compressed air) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal away from the cut.
02:09
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Material Fatigue
In materials science,fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.
Fatigue occurs when a material is subjected to repeated loading and unloading. If the loads are above a certain threshold,microscopic cracks will begin to form at the stress concentrators such as the surface, persistent slip bands (PSBs), and grain interfaces. Eventually a crack will reach a critical size, the crack will propagate suddenly, and the structure will fracture.
In materials science,fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads. It is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.
Fatigue occurs when a material is subjected to repeated loading and unloading. If the loads are above a certain threshold,microscopic cracks will begin to form at the stress concentrators such as the surface, persistent slip bands (PSBs), and grain interfaces. Eventually a crack will reach a critical size, the crack will propagate suddenly, and the structure will fracture.
02:08
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AIR BAG:-
An airbag is a vehicle safety device. It is an occupant restraint system consisting of a flexible fabric envelope or cushion designed to inflate rapidly during an automobile collision.The design is conceptually simple; a central Airbag control unit (ACU) (a specific type of ECU) monitors a number of related sensors within the vehicle, including accelerometers, impact sensors, side (door) pressure sensors, wheel speed sensors, gyroscopes, brake pressure sensors, and seat occupancy sensors. The bag itself and its inflation mechanism is concealed within the steering wheel boss (for the driver), or the dashboard (for the front passenger), behind plastic flaps or doors which are designed to "tear open" under the force of the bag inflating. Once the requisite 'threshold' has been reached or exceeded, the airbag control unit will trigger the ignition of a gas generator propellant to rapidly inflate a fabric bag. As the vehicle occupant collides with and squeezes the bag, the gas escapes in a controlled manner through small vent holes
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The Parts of an Airplane:-
An airplane, aeroplane or simply plane, is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research.Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
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QUS. :- WHY THE TYRES OF THE AUTOMOBILES ARE ALWAYS
BLACK IN COLOUR ?
ANS:- It is our common experience that we find the tyres of
cycles, cars, bikes and other heavy vehicles are black
(dark) in colour.
The tyres of the above vehicles should possess certain important qualities.
Basically all the tyres are made from rubber.But while making tyres the manufacturers will mix certain other substances in the rubber.
They mix 35% 'Butagene rubber' which will give enough strength to the tyres to with stand the frictional forces.
In addition to the substances, they add 65% of 'Carbon black' which gives the tyres the necessary rigidness further, they add processing oil, production wax to the rubber and make the tyres.
THE BLACK CARBON AND SILICA WHICH WILL BE IN GREATER AMOUNTS IN THE TYRES WILL PRODUCE A BLACK SUBSTANCE DUE TO WHICH THE TYRES WILL POSSES BLACK COLOUR.
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